review published in clinical science re l-carnitine and mitochondria functions as a cofactor for long-chain fatty acids across The carnitine system and cancer

Oxidative stress occurs when our bodies release chemicals (free radicals) in response to internal and external challenges during our lifetimes, such as illnesses, psychological stress, toxins ( mold, heavy metals, chemicals), medications, and poor diet

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Researchers frequently employ *in vitro* models, such as primary cell cultures or established cell lines, where oxidative insults are induced using agents like hydrogen peroxide, menadione, or paraquat

4.2.2 A description of the primary and secondary outcomes in the included studies The primary outcomes consisted of the biomarkers of DCM for which a forest plot each was constructed

Abstract The current theories of antimalarial mechanism of artemisinin are inadequate to fully explain the observed effects

MAMs serve as a signaling platform, coordinating stress response mechanisms between the ER and mitochondria to maintain cellular homeostasis