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(2008) Erythropoietin-mediated tissue protection: reducing collateral damage from the primary injury response

[DOI] [Google Scholar] 17.Janiak MC, Pinto SL, Duytschaever G, Carrigan MA, Melin AD

However, certain populations are at higher risk of deficiency: Adults over 50 (reduced absorption capacity) Individuals following vegan or strict vegetarian diets Those with gastrointestinal conditions such as Crohns disease or celiac disease Individuals taking long-term acid-reducing medications (PPIs, H blockers) When oral supplementation is insufficient or absorption is compromised, vitamin B12 shots deliver the nutrient directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system entirely

10.1016/j.arr.2022.101817 Ageing Res

It is important to note that all current evidence derives from in vitro cellular models and in vivo animal studies, and no human clinical trials have been conducted as of February 2026

Over time, these approaches can come with their own drawbacks, such as gut lining damage or liver stress