glutathione reductase and oxidative stress Frontiers Glutathione and Glutaredoxin—Key Players in

doi: 10.1111/cns.12490 179 MoloneyR

Doi:10.3390/cosmetics2030236

Quality-control risk Research-use peptide vials vary in purity, copper content, and reconstitution stability

An imbalance in glutathione metabolism, defined by lower GSH:GSSG, has been linked to a number of chronic diseases including feline chronic renal failure (Reference Keegan and Webb43) and in humans, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cystic fibrosis, viral infection, diabetes mellitus, renal failure and liver disease (Reference Wu, Fang and Yang44)

Figure: Disulfide Oxidizing Agents - b-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, and phosphines Figure: TCEP reduction of disulfides The inside of cells are maintained in a reduced environment by the presence of many "reducing" agents, such as the tripeptide g-glu-cys-gly (glutathione)

Melatonin Melatonin, an amphiphilic tryptophan-derived indolamine, is primarily secreted by the pineal gland and regulates circadian rhythm (110,111)