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Extensive evidence shows that the intestinal microbiota in UC differs markedly from that of healthy individuals, with depletion of beneficial commensals and expansion of potentially harmful taxa (Hansen et al., 2010

10.1002/pbc.21715 Pediatr Blood Cancer

(1996) first demonstrated that TNF- induces insulin resistance by promoting serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1(IRS-1), thereby inhibiting the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor ( 3.3 The positive feedback loop of hyperandrogenemia Studies have demonstrated that LPS can not only indirectly contribute to hyperandrogenemia by inducing insulin resistance ( 3.4 Adipose tissue dysfunction and metabolic derangements The translocation of LPS into circulation due to intestinal barrier dysfunction disrupts adipose metabolic homeostasis through multiple mechanisms

Within this mechanistic framework, natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, including vitamins C and E, glutathione precursors, CoQ10, L-carnosine, polyphenols including quercetin, resveratrol, and curcumin, and saffron metabolites like crocin and safranal show biological plausibility and preliminary efficacy on biochemical and behavioral endpoints

Psychopharmacol Bull

The number of replicates performed is detailed in each figure legend, where applicable