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2025 Jan;48(1):102-114

Dietary Supplements and Health: Novartis Foundation Symposium 282

Further mechanistic studies suggest that the cardioprotective effects of APS may be mediated by the regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which is essential for maintaining cardiomyocyte survival, regulating autophagy, and inhibiting apoptosis (Luo et al., 2014)

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However, these are rarely needed for standard injection site reactions

12,13,14,15,16,17 Unfortunately, for much of the subsequent 20th century, these concepts became superseded by the neurone doctrine, such that glial responses to CNS disorders were considered to be non-specific, stereotypic, always subsequent to primary neuronal damage and of little functional consequence