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Furthermore, some NGPs release extracellular vesicles and other bioactive metabolites that communicate with immune, epithelial, hepatic, and neural tissues, suggesting that their benefits may arise as much from postbiotic signaling as from mere colonization or competitive exclusion (539)

By contrast, other evidence indicates that Cu+ may promote the formation of soluble toxic oligomers or redox cycling with Cu2+, contributing to oxidative stress and aggregation (192,193)

[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 162.Nurk E., Refsum H., Bjelland I., Drevon C.A., Tell G.S., Ueland P.M., Vollset S.E., Engedal K., Nygaard H.A., Smith D.A

A little concentration of cysteine is used to break the disulfide bonds during the solublisation of recombinant protein preparation

Nat Immunol 9(8):866872 Meister A, Anderson ME (1983) Glutathione

Plant Gene 12:4349