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The gut microbiota also plays a significant role in late-phase oral NR metabolism (3 h post-administration), which is converted to NAM by the enzyme BST1, and then deamidated into NA by microbes, allowing PreissHandler synthesis by capable tissues 127

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In aging rodents, butyrate administration improved learning and memory, presumably by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other plasticity-related proteins [76, 107]

doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.05.019 43

And mice that were not raised germ free benefited from antibiotic treatment

AQP4 dysregulation contributes to several other CNS disorders